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African diaspora
:''This article is on the historical emigration from Africa. See recent African origin of modern humans for pre-historic human migration and emigration from Africa for recent migration.''
The African diaspora refers to the communities throughout the world that are descended from the historic movement of peoples from Africa, predominantly to the Americas, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, among other areas around the globe. The term has been historically applied in particular to the descendants of the West and Central Africans who were enslaved and shipped to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade, with the largest population in Brazil (see Afro-Brazilian), followed by the USA and others.〔 Some scholars identify "four circulatory phases" of migration out of Africa.〔Harris, J. E. (1993). "Introduction" In J. E. Harris (ed.), ''Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora,'' pp. 8-9.〕
The term has also less commonly been used to refer to recent emigration from Africa.〔Akyeampong, E. (2000). "Africans in the Diaspora: The Diaspora and Africans," ''African Affairs'' 99 (395), 183-215.〕 The African Union defines the African diaspora as:
"() of people of African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and nationality and who are willing to contribute to the development of the continent and the building of the African Union." Its constitutive act declares that it shall "invite and encourage the full participation of the African diaspora as an important part of our continent, in the building of the African Union."
The phrase "African diaspora" was coined during the 1990s, and gradually entered common usage during the 2000s. Use of the term "diaspora" is modelled after the concept of Jewish diaspora.〔In an article published in 1991, William Safran set out six rules to distinguish "diasporas" from general migrant communities. While Safran's definitions were influenced by the idea of the Jewish diaspora, he recognised the expanding use of the term. Rogers Brubaker (2005) also noted that use of the term "diaspora" was in the process of being used in an increasingly general sense. He suggests that one element of this expansion in use "involves the application of the term diaspora to an ever-broadening set of cases: essentially to any and every nameable population category that is to some extent dispersed in space". An early example of the use of "African diaspora" is in the title of Sidney Lemelle, Robin D. G. Kelley, ''Imagining Home: Class, Culture and Nationalism in the African Diaspora '' (1994).〕
==History==
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